A. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? From 20 percent to 25 percent more eggs under the filters hatched successfully than those that were unshielded. , I can remember, not long ago, listening to a pal rail about a mutual friends apparently overwhelming need to flirt with every man in a given room. The argument might be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical support for the conclusion. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. a. WebSchedule 1 - Dictionary . Astrology is reliable. The lad said that Suzy and the hired man were up in the hayloftthat Suzy had her dress up and the hired man had lowered his trousers. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. As the decades passed it was not forgotten, and the comet appeared on Christmas Day, 1758. So the outcome probably would be true even if the gods explanation were false, and the argument is logically extremely weak. Resist the temptation, especially when you can see that coincidence has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation. Formulate a hypothesis. Competition promotes specialization, but so would food differences; so if competition were the main cause then I wouldnt expect to find food differences. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. Aggression has been defined as which of the following? Why? It includes the presumption of causation. Punishing student pilots when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform well. Nevertheless, smart people suffer lapses of rationality and allow themselves to be persuaded that a man like Uri Geller has special powers because he can perform feats that any practiced illusionist can performand can detect. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. But there is a viable alternative explanation for this outcomenamely, Escaping from a shipwreck is largely a matter of luck, shipwrecks having little regard for passengers religious beliefs. Step 3. In these cases it is better to say that you simply cannot decide, especially if the argument has not ruled out coincidence or deception as alternative explanations. You can now see that you squandered your one opportunity. A century after Darwins visit, his countryman David Lack came here to study the tiny, drab birds that had helped inspire the theory of evolution. a. assertive behavior. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. After one of our couple friends started going to a fertility clinic, they just relaxed and stopped consciously trying to conceive. And so I do. It must be emphatically added that the world is in many ways mysterious, and that science can be mistaken, and often is. Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. Suppose I am encouraging you in your fledgling acting career and argue, You are so talented that all the critics who dont praise you are just jealous. So the scientists are wrong when they reject the paranormal, ancient astronauts, and homeopathic medicine! But the more moving parts a machine has, the more likely it is that it will break downso a well-designed machine includes no more parts than absolutely required. He was a man with some amount of self-importance and a certain air of command. In a research study, any condition applied to subjectsthose in the treatment groupthat is not applied to subjects in a control group. a. parents Note that I am being careful not to say that coincidence is thus proven to be the correct explanation; the point, a more modest one, is that skill is not supported as the correct explanation. b. He had a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. In a scientific trial, some participants are given a pill that looks identical to a pill that contains the active ingredient being studied in the trial, but contains no active ingredient itself. This closure did not occur during a normal period. But that proves my point. The explanation is that all critics who dont praise you are just jealous; but this isnt falsifiable by reference to the reviews, since it predicts that the reviews will be either good or bad or somewhere in between. Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? Suppose I say to you, If he is from Chicago, then he is from Illinoisand he is indeed from Illinois, so he must be from Chicago. You cant be absolutely sure without some wider context, but it normally wouldnt make sense for me to explain someones residency in Illinois by pointing to his residence in Chicago. General explanationsNewtonian celestial mechanics, for exampleare intended to apply broadly; Newtons theories explain the motion of all heavenly bodies at all times. For each of the arguments below, offer an alternative explanation that already exists, which thus renders the outcome probable and the argument logically weak. You must have observed the way in which he held his head and swung his cane. Null hypothesis : this is known as the default hypothesis.It states that Similarly with our other cases. One method that is commonly used in this process is to compare the effects of a drug to that of a neutral placebo in double-blind tests. Observation of one or only a few instances of a phenomenon. There are two types of hypothesis. But eventually, confronted by many cases in which there seemed to be no medical reasons for deaths, anthropologists and psychiatrists came to accept it as a pathology in its own right, linked to the victims belief in sorcery. a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment Then-clause is said to be unlikely without if-clause. You probably already suspect that its the set of all even numbers; but before I make you commit to that answer, I offer you the opportunity to test your answer by suggesting one more number that is either in or out of the set. (The Vitamin C example is similar; one reason that researchers have not worked harder at collecting evidence for the theory is because it is unclear how it would work. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. -Easier to disprove. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. T. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. As with our other inductive arguments, the total evidence condition for logical success has two parts. C. It's A form that cannot pull any of the load in a deductive argument may nevertheless pull a share of the load in an inductive one. Psychology is a social science discipline. A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. WebShort Answer. c. rewarding sportspersonlike behavior Halleys job would have been much easier if, instead of predicting a comet precisely in December 1758, he had made the following vague prediction: At least one comet will appear somewhere in the sky at some time in the future. e. none of the above. In many cases, an explanation is formulated before the observable outcome has been observed. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Woman on a TV talk show with theme Moms who keep secrets from daughters: Mom, you always told me that my father was killed in the war right after I was born. Pete McG. [6] The probability of two consecutive years of success is no higher than .50 times .50, or .25. Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. Clearly an army doctor, then. Vague outcomes are likely to have a high prior probability and thus are likely to signal that the argument is logically weak. The more surprising the outcome would be, the lower the prior probability and the stronger the logic of the argument. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism. Explanatory argumentan argument whose correct form, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: The first premise states that the explanation really does enable you to predict the observable outcomethat it really is an outcome. I have a pretty young wife (my second) whom Ive always trusted until last Friday night when I came home, put on my bathrobe and found a well-used pipe in the pocket! her own conscious experience. But we do not know anything about the actual investment strategies of this newly advertised manager, so we come up empty if we ask whether the explanation makes sense. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. An explanation that is designed to apply only to a single thing or event. b. frustration-aggression theory The planet is too dim to be seen, but the scientists said they are convinced it is there because the pulsar emits radio signals that vary in a way that can best be explained by the gravitational tug of a nearby planetthe waves are a bit early for three months, then for three months arrive a bit late. d. all of the above Which of the following is NOT one of the four most prominent theories of aggression? It describes why the individual is having problems. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate This point is not lost on investment companies. ], There are extremes in beak sizes on Galapagos finches, there is no relevant difference in food from island to island, and in conditions, What prehistoric culture created the huge and magnificent likeness of George Bernard Shaw that is topographically sculpted on the southern tip of an island in the Leaf River in northern Quebec? c. reactive versus hostile A general explanation that makes sense will typically lend itself to observable outcomes that can be graphed smoothly; and the simpler theory is more likely to eventually be buttressed by an adequate conceptual framework. A process of examination and discovery of natural phenomena that involves making observations, constructing hypotheses, testing predictions, experimenting, and drawing conclusions and revising them as necessary. Before experimental drugs can be brought to market, they must undergo many rigorous trials to ensure they deliver their medical benefits effectively and safely. e. modeling, c. an interaction of situations and personal beliefs, The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs, it will be This is a way of emphasizing the importance of an improbable outcome. Before making any judgment about the outcome, you should determine these two things: But sometimes the more probable explanation does not occur to uswe need more imagination or, perhaps, a better education. Which of the following commonly used terms comes closest to the meaning of what scientists call a "hypothesis"? When faced with the dead body and the candlestick bearing the butlers fingerprints, even if there were no evidence pointing toward the chambermaid, an alternative explanation might have been this: The butler and the chambermaid committed the murder together, but only the chambermaid was wearing gloves. a. fans become less aggressive after watching a sporting event The second premise states that the observable outcome is known to have happenedthat it has been observed. d. internal versus external A later investigation showed that there was indeed a correlation between TM and warmer weather, but an even stronger correlation between TM and the preceding afternoons forecast of warmer weather for the next day. An inactive substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance; the treatment group receives the substance being tested, and the control group receives the placebo. 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