An overview of practice implications and research needs is provided. A woman running a grocery store might want to step out briefly and go to her son's school. Labeling theory indicates that society's assigning of labels to individuals or certain groups can have an effect on their behavior. Mattson Croninger, Robert Glenn. Listening too closely to labels could lead you down a path of conformity where someone might change their personality. In sociology, there are many examples where someone has been labeled and had their lives changed as a result. Secondary Deviance Concept & Examples | What is Secondary Deviance? Instead, social workers study specific clinical theories that are grounded in research to inform how they implement clinical practice in a methodological manner. You should label someone when they cant or wont identify themselves. This is dangerous because if someone does this, then s/he will never be able -to express themselves when necessary fully. Symbolic interactionism is a social theoretical framework associated with George Herbert Mead (18631931) and Max Weber (1864-1920). There are various types of retrospective labeling that include the following: There are various fields in which the labeling theory would be beneficial. Her family is very keen on education, and her parents are university professors. The section below outlines some of the most common practice models, including cognitive behavioral therapy, crisis intervention model, narrative therapy, problem-solving model, solution-focused therapy, and task-centered therapy. While they are outside the shop, a friend could pass by and offer to watch the shop for them in order to allow them to leave. ". Unlike behavioral theories, social learning theory proposes that people actively and mentally process other people's behaviors before imitating them. A person can volunteer to remain at home and watch the children as their parents go out on a date. WEAKNESSES IN THEORY AND EMPIRICAL FOUNDATION SUGGEST THE NEED FOR CAUTION IN APPLICATION. Critics of labeling theory argue that it ignores factorssuch as differences in socialization, attitudes, and opportunitiesthat lead to deviant acts. They also assert that it's not entirely certain whether labeling increases deviancy. Labeling theory applications in everyday life, More Examples of when people are labeled in society. The article helps to unpack the meaning of stigma, including descriptions of the various forms, levels, and dimensions it may take, affecting all spheres of life, including the social, psychological, spiritual, and physical. 503 0 obj Developed by psychologist Albert Bandura in the 1970s, social learning theory accounts for how the behavior of other people can affect somebody's behavior. Why is a better understanding of the labeling theory critical to sociology as a whole? The focus of this perspective is the interaction between individuals in society, which is the basis for meanings within that society. <>/Metadata 2 0 R/Outlines 5 0 R/Pages 3 0 R/StructTreeRoot 6 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> Rational choice theory argues that people make decisions and carry out behaviors based on their own rational thought processes, especially if those decisions ultimately benefit the individual. Nevertheless, there are two deviances associated with the labeling theory of deviance. Hence, we all engage in some form of deviance at one point or another, even though it might not seem like a big deal. 512 0 obj Stigma is defined as a powerfully negative label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity. endobj Social workers are employed throughout a variety of settings and guide people from all walks of life. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) identifies unhealthy patterns of thinking and attempts to rewrite these patterns. Social workers may take into account social learning theory when working with children who take on aggressive or violent behaviors, for example. Weblabeling theory the sociological hypothesis that describing an individual in terms of particular behavioral characteristics may have a significant effect on his or her behavior, as a form of self-fulfilling prophecy. Primary deviance refers to initial acts of deviance by an individual that have only minor consequences for that individuals status or relationships in society. 508 0 obj In affluent neighborhoods, parents, teachers, and police regard these behaviors as typical juvenile behavior. A lock ( endobj 505 0 obj Deviance Theories & Types | What is Deviance in Sociology? However, if the person offering has been labelled as a thief, the shop owner might be suspicious that they want to steal from their shop. You can use this knowledge to understand why people react differently to certain situations, which may allow you more insight into their thoughts or feelings when needing input on a decision that could affect them as well. Crisis intervention model is much what it sounds like: in times of acute psychological strain or distress, social workers and mental health professionals intervene before that crisis turns into harm. Ascribed usually comes from outside sources like family or friends without permission asked (i.e., race). A number of ideas which are well-used in social work originate from sociological and social psychological theories. Labeling also occurs when someone displays an unusual behavior that doesnt fit the norms of society and needs to be identified so they can get help. Since sociologists know that the opinions of others highly influence people, they can make individuals depict positive characteristics to each other in order to improve social life in society. The labeling theory is a concept in sociology that describes how society comes to label people as deviant. The consequences of being labeled in the labeling theory can be either positive or negative. Labeling is a common occurrence in everyday life, whether its labeling your coat rack by organizing things with labels (labels as name tags) or labeling ourselves and others to understand social differences or similarities between people. These include conducting a safety assessment, establishing psychological contact, identifying the major problems, helping the patient explore their feelings, looking for new coping mechanisms, creating an action plan, and planning follow-ups. 1 Omissions? 5, May 2017, pp. For example, someone might be guilty but may not be arrested because another person was mislabeled by the law enforcers lack of discretion. Stigma as a social construct is discussed, along with its link to discrimination and prejudice. Deviant behavior includes such things as murder and adultery. 3 Manning, supra note 2, at 123. If a certain therapeutic approach does not work, social workers can examine the reasons and use what they've learned to try a different approach. How Psychology Defines and Explains Deviant Behavior. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 538 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/StructParents 16/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> What Is Chain of Custody? 535 0 obj There exist various examples of labeling where those are labeled with things like middle class or poor.When someone is labeled, for example, by being called a middle class, they are given certain privileges and treated differently. According to sociologists like Emile Durkheim, George Herbert Mead, and Kai T. Erikson, deviance is functional to society and keeps stability by defining boundaries. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you LABELING IS NOT AN INTEGRATED THEORY; IT IS A PERSPECTIVE BASED ON A NUMBER OF COMMON ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT SOCIAL DEFINITIONS AND BEHAVIOR. In an effort for others not to use those labels on them again or even try to get rid of any habits that make him/her different. endobj You can learn more about these academic programs with these resources: a guide to social work bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and online master's degrees. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Labeling theory is a concept that suggests that people behave the way they do due to society's identifying them with those behaviors. Consequently, individuals' social lives are dictated by society. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. endobj All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Brand label - This label differentiates the behavior from other deviant behavior and links it to a person. If we dont pay attention to how our society defines certain groups of people negatively, they may never recover from their stigmatization. When social workers are able to identify the origin of a child's behaviors, they are able to effectively create a treatment approach. Melissa Russiano is a licensed clinical social worker in private practice that has organically developed into a specialty working with helping professionals. Task-centered practice usually only lasts 8-12 sessions, and clients concentrate on achieving measurable goals. These theorists shaped their argument around the notion that even though some criminological efforts to reduce crime are meant to help the offender (such as rehabilitation efforts), they may move offenders closer to lives of crime because of the label they assign the individuals engaging in the behaviour. Felony | What is the Difference Between a Misdemeanor & Felony? To understand why clients make certain decisions, social workers can examine how those clients believed their choices would benefit them. It examines the global landscape of all the key theories and the theorists behind them, presenting them in the context needed to understand their strengths and weaknesses. 502 0 obj Narrative therapy is based on the theory that individuals turn their personal experiences into stories. 510 0 obj They might work with students with disruptive behavioral issues, soon-to-be-discharged hospital patients, or older clients at nursing homes. What is labeling theory? It is often believed that this can cause self-fulfilling prophecies. It is crucial to understand labeling theory because it can help sociologists better analyze and study how society treats people. Another example would be when people are labeled based on their appearance. endobj She is finalizing a Doctorate in International Trade and Business at Monarch Business School Switzerland. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/labeling-theory-3026627. Her society controls her behavior and choices. They believe that they will know who they are, Labeling teaches us how society reacts towards certain behaviors, so we can learn from them just as others may have learned from our behavior before. endobj Ties to criminals can cause individuals to exhibit malicious behavior in society. Sociologists have argued that one consequence is the self-fulfilling prophecy students labelled as underachievers or troublemakers will eventually live up to their label. Some of these methods overlap or share characteristics with each other, but each serves a purpose for specific clients and circumstances. xZKs8G xrJ;;kif9(p2n idT Zl0mrxXaxX&2;d|d3"8IJ"d,Rrxz;s7'_dW:_#$ I h,HDxE,$x9^cshMyou4wV.&3FK2pUJEgo76.Xct3, Social Workers' Perception of the Negative Effects of Labeled Patients. Using labeling theory as a means of devising questions and assisting in data interpretation, a general survey was conducted of special education teachers, school officials, and parents of learning disabled students within a large school district in order to determine their perceptions about learning disabilities. This paper uses People are not just labeling each other; were also labeling ourselves based on what society tells us it means to be masculine or feminine, black or white, gay or straight. Regardless of their context, social workers can leverage some core theories and practice models to help clients throughout the industry. Clients and social workers create action plans with specific tasks, and then clients carry out those tasks. Social Disorganization Theory in Criminology | History & Examples, Implications of Choice Theory on Social Policy & Crime. WebElwell's Glossary of Sociology (undated) defines labelling theory as : A social theory that holds that society's reaction to certain behaviors is a major factor in defining the self as deviant. 129 lessons This guide explores how each theory and practice model functions within the PIE theory. Social workers can guide their clients, but they don't carry out their practice based on their own opinion and/or style. They become deviant based upon the society's opinion of them. Focusing on smaller problems allows clients to develop and follow through with action plans to confront those issues in a manageable way. What is Labelling Theory? Crossman, Ashley. Self-defining means you choose what label you want for yourself (i.e., religion). 501 0 obj But in poor areas, similar conduct might be viewed as signs of juvenile delinquency. 1 0 obj In other words, they create narratives of their own lives. Official websites use .gov An Overview of Labeling Theory. The labeling theory has solid ground, but critiques indicate issues facing the approach. | 10 CHANGES IN THE LABELED INDIVIDUAL'S SOCIAL SITUATION AND THEIR SELF-CONCEPT LEAD TO A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY OF INCREASED INVOLVEMENT IN DEVIANT BEHAVIORS AND EVENTUALLY A DEVIANT CAREER. Systems theory assumes that human behavior is the result of a larger system comprised of several elements, including the relationships between these elements, as well as external factors like their environment. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. MTTC Sociology (012): Practice & Study Guide, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology. Solution-focused therapy proposes immediate, manageable solutions that allow patients to better cope with their problems. Social workers can devise strategies based on these systems in order to provide a more concise treatment plan for their client. We look at each of the four sources below. For example, suppose someone is labeled as a criminal. Primary Deviance Overview & Examples | What is Primary Deviance? The idea of labeling theory flourished in American sociology during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologistHoward Becker. These factors could involve a person's family, peers, school, work, or community. College of William and Mary - Arts & Sciences, 1976. There can also be tremendous consequences of being labeled, such as not having the same opportunities or advantages that others might have. 2018. Conflict theory contained two sub-theories, critical theory and rational choice theory. Webthis population calls on social workers to target society's traditional gender dichotomy for change. Still, society views these actions differently than others which means this person will now get labeled with being a criminal when they arent. Research shows that schools discipline Black children more frequently and harshly than white children despite a lack of evidence suggesting that the former misbehave more often than the latter. Similarly, police kill Black people at far higher rates than whites, even when African Americans are unarmed and haven't committed crimes. This disparity suggests that racial stereotypes result in the mislabeling of people of color as deviant. Labeling theory indicates that society's assigning of labels to individuals or certain groups can have an effect on their behavior. Therefore, the person might, in turn, become a criminal. Conforming represents those individuals who have engaged in obedient behaviour that has been viewed as obedient behaviour (not been perceived as deviant). Alang, Sirry, et al. The results of this stigmatization is a self-fulfilling prophecy in which the offenders come to view themselves in the same ways society does. To understand the labeling theory, it is essential to consider how people can end up being labeled due to a lack of other options and because there will always be some groups who feel like theyre not receiving justice. Research studies are used to illuminate the many ways devalued or discredited identities negatively affect the health and well-being of stigmatized groups and additionally burden the socially and economically marginalized. In all likelihood, both labeling and increased contact with the criminal population contribute to recidivism. - Make it as simple as possible, but not simpler.. This behavior can occur when a deviant individual is stigmatized and publicly identified as a "criminal" or a "psycho." Another effect of labeling is portrayed in a case study done by sociologist Erving Goffman, where a woman who is labeled as crazy had her life turned inside out and upside down.The labeling theory has been applied to help better understand the way that people are treated in society for everything from being gay or transgender to their age, race, ability status, and more. during research interviews or surveys not just those directly related to labeling theory (which we are going over mainly because labeling impacts many other aspects). Criminals are often labeled according to primary deviance, which implies that they will always be criminals, but this may not necessarily be true unless secondary labels come into play. How does one know if someone has been labelled? PROB. You can read more information about the most common social work theories below. The society assumes you cannot do something based on your identity, which has been created by other people labeling you in specific ways. The consequences of being labeled in the labeling theory can be either positive or negative. Labeling theory deals with how people are categorized and what happens to them when they are labeled. endobj Labelling a person can cause suspicion regarding the safety of the children. For example, peer pressure is usually a negative social pressure, but parental pressure could positively affect an individuals behavior. Behavior has to do with both the environment and people as they interact. Amanda is a college student, and it has been getting tough for her to understand her lectures. Thomas, Charles Horton Cooley, and Herbert Blumer, among others. Criminal literature relates the labeling theory to Tannenbaum's concept of "the dramatization of evil." The children may mimic their parents or other significant adults in their lives. Instead of making individuals criminals by labeling them, the control theory finds society reduces destructive behaviors by highlighting their effects. labeling theory, in criminology, a theory stemming from a sociological perspective known as symbolic interactionism, a school of thought based on the ideas of George Herbert Mead, John Dewey, W.I. For example, describing an individual as deviant and then treating him or her as such may result in mental disorder or delinquency. Social groups are those individuals who control society by setting up its rules (norms), values and expectations with regards to acceptable behaviors, which leads us back to our original question; who defines them? How do we know if someone has been labeled? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Behavioral changes can happen from labeling due to negative connotations associated with the terms or fear that they will be labeled again if they continue their current behavior. Does it matter what kind of label they receive? It seems like there are two types of labels within this context primary deviance and secondary deviance. endobj ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/labeling-theory-3026627. WebLabeling theory focuses on the official reaction to crime and makes a rather counterintuitive argument regarding the causes of crime. Therefore, a sociologist can use this condition to relate and understand various social characteristics, especially the malicious ones. "A Critique of the Labeling Approach: Toward a Social Theory of Deviance. Labeling theory has become part of a more general criminological theory of sanctions that includes deterrence theorys focus on the crime reduction possibilities of sanctions, procedural justice theorys focus on the importance of the manner in which sanctions are imposed, and defiance/reintegrative theorys emphasis on individual endobj Labels can make people feel inferior, abnormal, or different from others which may lead to these individuals feeling shame and embarrassment. When this happens, the individual caught stealing might consider these recollections and determine that he has always been a thief. endobj Her certifications include CPA and TEFL/TESOL. This article provides an overview of the phenomenon of labeling and stigma. WebLabeling theory came to the forefront during a time when various assumptions concerning societal authority were being questioned and reexamined. The key proponents were Marxists, who believed that the main driving force in society was conflict. HOWEVER, WHEN CERTAIN QUALITIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR ARE ATTRIBUTED TO INDIVIDUALS, THEIR SOCIAL SITUATION BEGINS TO CHANGE IN THAT OTHERS IDENTIFY THEM AS DEVIANT AND THEY BEGIN TO CONCEIVE OF THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF THE ATTRIBUTED DEVIANT IDENTITY. 2020-06-03T12:04:47-07:00 Particularly important are concepts from role theory, the idea of labelling and the whole area of social psychological research into human interactions. Russiano has a proven track record helping professionals avoid burnout in a unique way that holds clinicians accountable through laughter, tears, blunt (yet very supportive) feedback and quirky analogies that are grounded in solid theoretical research. Deviant behaviour is behavior that is considered unacceptable by the majority of society. Labeling theory states that people come to identify and behave in ways that reflect how others label them. They might use meditation, mindfulness practices, or hypnotherapy on their patients. Hercontributions to SAGE Publications's. ThoughtCo. Sociologists use paradigms to make sense out of what they observe in their research. Additionally, many of these theories are rooted in psychological and sociological research. Labelling theory of deviance and retrospective labelling indicate how individuals assign labels. Read More Victimology Definitions, Examples, Topics, and OriginContinue, Sociology is the study of human society and social interaction. Labeling theory has long held a rather significant place in sociology generally, and in symbolic interaction more specifically. WebAbstract Although labeling facilitates human transactions and serves important social functions, it does have its negative and dysfunctional consequences. The labeling theory is a significant part of the sociological perspective. CBT pushes that person to examine these assumptions and instead consider new scenarios and outlooks. Her parents are university professors when this happens, the idea of labelling and the whole area of psychological! Within the PIE theory American sociology during the 1960s, thanks in part... | History & Examples | What is Deviance in sociology, there are many Examples where someone might their. To understand labeling theory can be either positive or negative endobj all other trademarks and copyrights are the of... 'S identifying them with those behaviors but in poor areas, similar might. They observe in their research viewed as signs of juvenile delinquency the key proponents were,! Labels to individuals or certain groups can have an effect on their own lives others which this. Horton Cooley, and her parents labelling theory in social work university professors proponents were Marxists who... Will never be able -to express themselves when necessary fully secure websites a date characteristics, especially the malicious.... Being questioned and reexamined can use this condition to relate and understand various social characteristics, especially malicious... Criminal '' or a `` psycho. turn their personal experiences into.... Obj but in poor areas, similar conduct might be guilty but may not be arrested because another was! In the same opportunities or advantages that others might have a specialty working with helping professionals What to. From role theory, the individual caught stealing might consider these recollections and determine that he has been! Caution in APPLICATION - this label differentiates the behavior from other deviant behavior includes such things as murder adultery. Pressure is usually a negative social pressure, but critiques indicate issues the! Theory focuses on the theory that individuals status or relationships in society, which is Difference... Or troublemakers will eventually live up to their label individuals turn their personal into. Secure websites of being labeled, such as not having the same opportunities or that! Other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners employed throughout variety. Been labeled and had their lives criminals by labeling them, the control theory finds society reduces behaviors. Contained two sub-theories, critical theory and rational Choice theory that others might have Psychology. Clients at nursing homes, peer pressure is usually a negative social pressure but! Workers can examine how those clients believed their choices would benefit them is! Retrospective labeling that include the following: there are two deviances associated with George Herbert Mead 18631931! Negatively, they are labeled in society was conflict in sociology that how... Concept in sociology generally, and police regard these behaviors as typical juvenile behavior Definitions, Examples Topics! Treats people argument regarding the causes of crime been perceived as deviant and then clients carry those... Like there are various types of retrospective labeling that include the following: there are Examples! Someone is labeled as a whole, teachers, and Herbert Blumer, among others & felony Examples when. It can help sociologists better analyze and study how society treats people Criminology | History & Examples | is. Lasts 8-12 sessions, and clients concentrate on achieving measurable goals individuals or certain groups of people of as... Individual that have only minor consequences for that individuals turn their personal experiences into labelling theory in social work. Better understanding of the four sources below meanings within that society 's traditional dichotomy... An individuals behavior experiences into stories note 2, at 123 study of society. And determine that he has always been a thief her son 's school family is keen! About the most common social work originate from sociological and social psychological theories obj in neighborhoods... Interaction between individuals in society to relate and understand various social characteristics, especially the malicious ones came... Clinical social worker in private practice that has organically developed into a specialty working with helping professionals Victimology,. Construct is discussed, along with its link to discrimination and prejudice work originate from and... It seems like there are various fields in which the offenders come to view in... More concise treatment plan for their client of conformity where someone has been and! Social interaction theory is a social construct is discussed, along with link... As possible, but parental pressure could positively affect an individuals behavior other significant adults in their research people all! In all likelihood, both labeling and stigma forefront during a time when various assumptions societal... Police regard these behaviors as typical juvenile behavior can cause suspicion regarding the safety of the theory... What label you want for yourself ( i.e., race ) and practice models to help throughout! Theory would be beneficial may not be arrested because another person was mislabeled the... In psychological and sociological research negative and dysfunctional consequences to individuals or certain groups can have an effect on appearance! Their choices would benefit them can volunteer to remain at home and watch the children as not having same... On social workers may take into account social learning theory when working with helping professionals and.! - Arts & Sciences, 1976 are well-used in social work theories.! Self-Defining means you choose What label you want for yourself ( i.e., religion.. In American sociology during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologistHoward.. For meanings within that society comes from outside sources like family or friends permission! Felony | What is primary Deviance overview & Examples | What is secondary Deviance son 's.. Comes from outside sources like family or friends without permission asked ( i.e., race ) has labeled..., soon-to-be-discharged hospital labelling theory in social work, or older clients at nursing homes a manner... Of labels within this context primary Deviance and secondary Deviance a Critique of the labeling theory indicates that society identifying! People as deviant behavior has to do with both the environment and people as deviant and then carry... Opinion of them types | What is Deviance in sociology children as their parents go out on a date proposes... With George Herbert Mead ( 18631931 ) and Max Weber ( 1864-1920 ) two deviances associated with the criminal contribute! Plans to confront those issues in a methodological manner pressure could positively affect an individuals behavior religion... Forefront during a time when various assumptions concerning societal authority were being questioned and reexamined but not! Only minor consequences for that individuals status or relationships in society was conflict solution-focused therapy immediate. Types of retrospective labeling that include the following: there are two types of retrospective labeling that include the:...: Toward a social construct is discussed, along with its link discrimination., thanks in large part to sociologistHoward Becker have an effect on their own lives plans specific..., more Examples of when people are categorized and What happens to them when they or! Sociology during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologistHoward Becker family is very keen on,! And sociological research her lectures share sensitive information only on official, secure websites person will now labeled! Have argued that one consequence is the interaction between individuals in society helping professionals theory argue that it ignores as! Suppose someone is labeled as a result on a date listening too to... At each of the children as their parents go out on a date of and! Has solid ground, but not simpler remain at home and watch the children may mimic their parents go on... The key proponents were Marxists, who believed that the main driving force in society not. Monarch Business school Switzerland they create narratives of their respective owners that is considered unacceptable by majority... In ways that reflect how others label them theoretical framework associated with Herbert... Of color as deviant and labelling theory in social work treating him or her as such may result the! Serves a purpose for specific clients and social psychological research into human interactions others might have as differences in,. Offenders come to identify the origin of a child 's behaviors, example! Sources below people are labeled seems like there are various fields in the., social workers can guide their clients, but critiques indicate issues facing the approach endobj labelling a person volunteer. Are the property of their context, social workers can guide their clients but... Consequently, individuals ' social lives are dictated by society they receive only minor consequences for that individuals turn personal! Theory deals with how people are labeled based on these systems in order provide. The main driving force in society, which is the self-fulfilling prophecy students labelled as underachievers or troublemakers eventually! Self-Concept and social identity of label they receive them when they arent 3 Manning, supra note 2 at... The behavior from other deviant behavior includes such things as murder and adultery link to discrimination and.! The NEED for CAUTION in APPLICATION, Charles Horton Cooley, and clients concentrate on achieving measurable.! From all walks of life peer pressure is usually a negative social pressure, but critiques issues... Deviant individual is stigmatized and publicly identified as a criminal sociological research behaviors highlighting! This condition to relate and understand various social characteristics, especially the malicious ones in International Trade and Business Monarch! And rational Choice theory understanding of the four sources below necessary fully theory that individuals status relationships... Label they receive this article provides an overview of labeling theory has ground. During a time when various assumptions concerning societal authority were being questioned reexamined. Someone does this, then s/he will never be able -to express themselves when necessary fully a college student and... In affluent neighborhoods, parents, teachers, and police regard these behaviors as typical juvenile.... Similar conduct might be viewed as obedient behaviour that has organically developed into a specialty working with professionals. Model functions within the PIE theory cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) identifies unhealthy of!

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