The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball, Your email address will not be published. The physiology of a tennis ball contains a hollow core made out of a rubber-like material. Do not forget to note the temperature of each ball before bouncing it off the ground to ensure that you get the best kind of results. 3.Oven was preheated to 100oC. After the 20 minutes, take out the ball. Using tongs, push the squash ball under the water for about 2 minutes. This experiment was undertaken to quantify the effect of temperature on string. Figure 12 zooms in on tension loss behavior for each nylon and polyester string. Later, the data would be compared by calculating the percentage of the bounce height over the initial height. In other words. How do variances in tension loss due to temperature changes affect the most important property of string stiffness? During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. The courts are designed so that the ball can bounce off any surface and still be in play, yet it is in a confined area so you don't have to run to cover too much territory. You can also experiment within an enclosed space to ensure that the blowing wind does not affect the bounce of your ball. Is a Photograph equally sharp in all area? (Sheehan, 2011)Its just like a trampoline: When one jumps on a trampoline, the material one the trampoline expands and stretches, and when it does, the trampoline is forced to come back up to its original state, causing one to bounce on the trampoline. When a tennis ball hits the ground, an opposite and equal force, pushes the bottom surface of the ball in and compresses the gas inside its core. co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. The higher the pressure, the more the ball will bounce, and vice versa. Knowing this can help your scores. To offset the balls declining bounce, the Tennis.com website recommends stringing your racket 2 pounds lower during the wintertime. (Sheehan, 2011)Also, as most people know, the molecules that make up gas can easily expand or contract. Temperature Cubic ANOVA, Table 14: Ball 2 vs. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. The stiffness, k, is calculated as k = dF/dx, where dF is the increase in the force when elongation increases by dx. When you have heated the balls, you will have provided them more energy to move about, and as such, they will be able to bounce to higher heights when they are dropped to the ground. Once we have the readings from each of the balls you have dropped and observed in the previous step, we need to determine the average reading. The thermocouple recorded the temperature. But there is a possible explanation for the behavior, though it was not measured during the test. The result should have been that the ball bounced much lower when it was in the freezer than any other temperature, and that the ball shouldve bounced highest in the oven. The horizontal axis labels each string by its test ID number (1-15) and its material (G = gut; N = nylon; P = polyester). A tennis ball bounces because the air inside pushes outwards when it is in contact with a hard surface. As you will notice from your experiment, the balls that have been treated to the ice chest with ice in it will tend to have lower bounces, resulting from the molecules moving around less and containing less energy. Web. Effect of Temperature on Strings. This will give you a visual presentation of the bounce heights and the temperatures, which means that determining whether hot or cold balls can bounce to a higher height will be a lot easier. Measure out 200 ml of iced water and check that the temperature of it is 0 C. The "take-away" is twofold: First, if you like firm/stiff playing strings, do not expose them to higher than usual temperatures after stringing. This time, the ball can be heated for longer than 20 minutes. When a tennis balls temperature changes, the gas core goes through a reaction. For instance, some games are usually held during the summer, and others are held during the winter. Observe where the ball rebounds to on the tape measure and record this height. (Wikipedia, 2012)From the 18th century, tennis balls were formed by wounding strips of wool around a nucleus made by rolling strips into a tiny ball. With an increase in the temperature, the gas molecules within the tennis ball start to expand. The data from this experiment will show their differences. Upon conclusion, I am to determine why resistance was limited during the activity. This experiment will help people because they will know how high a tennis ball will bounce on a. The part of a paintball gun that is used to shoot the ball accurately is the barrel. As shown in Figure 10, elongation is proportional to temperature. In this experiment, one will put the tennis ball at four different temperaturesroom, freezing, hot, and cold. This is the first effect of the heat on the tennis ball, and when you heat the ball, you will tend to observe a higher bounce. This increases the time it takes to achieve the target tension. During a game of tennis, most players rely on the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score. Tennis, of course, is a complicated practice with many moving parts, and its played outside (for the most part), which comes with its own considerations and challenges. But if heat exposure occurs after tensioning and stabilization, the molecules become agitated and begin to move relative to each other. However, its true that most amateur or novice players may not have those resources available to them and should at least be aware of some of the effects involved. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. Click the "Experiment" button to find out! Tension Loss. Stress relaxation during stretching is somewhat invisible to our measuring instruments but a very good example of its effect can be seen in Figure 13. the serves comes in five main types of which includes; cannonball or flat serve, topspin-slice serve, slice serve, American twist serve and the topspin serve. Many aspects of the game of Bocce ball can be relatable to the simple concepts of Newtons original three laws, from the balls hitting each other (Newtons third law), to throwing balls harder to increase the force and then slowing down (Newtons first and second laws). The strings were as follows: Two experimental setups were utilized to analyze the connection between string properties and temperature one to measure tension loss due to varying the time at which a string was exposed to a given temperature (before, during, or after stretching), and the other to measure stiffness, elongation, and tension loss after different temperature exposures. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. When a tennis balls temperature changes, the balls gas-filled core undergoes an interesting reaction. The greatest effect observed in this experiment was that exposing a string to high temperatures after post-tensioning stabilization/relaxation has occurred (as in leaving the racquet in the car during hot weather) produces the greatest decrease in tension. (Incorporation, 2011)After, chemicals would generate pressurizing gas which was to be added to the rubber outline. The green represents the felt on the ball, and the black represents the hollow core. Also, this is the graph created by information collected from the second bounce, or the second trial per temperature. As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. For the sake of our experiment today, you will need to have a concrete floor or other hard surfaces that will be used to perform the bouncing test. A thousand seconds after achieving target tension and being clamped off, the string that took only 1 second to stretch to target tension lost almost 3 Kg more tension than the one that took 26 seconds. This is because the ball will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials. (2012, 8 22). The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. Its also worth noting some of the less short-term effects on racket stringing. 1b Heat after tensioning and stabilization. Many athletes use basketballs, soccer balls, and volley balls to play their sports. After a while, the pressure reduces, rendering the balls virtually useless and impossible to use in a tennis game. For the cold ball, you are likely to observe a lower bounce consistently. In doing this, high percentages of the efforts are normally exerted at the upper extremity of the body, while the rest at the lower extremity of the body. Once ready, remove the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position. Table 9: Ball 1 vs. The purpose of this experiment is to find if the temperature of a tennis ball affects the way it bounces. The more extended height from which you drop off the balls is also helpful and means that you can make more accurate observations. The ball will not bounce much in the winter, which means that the players will not be as active on the field as they are during the summer season. (Incorporation, 2011)It was also composed of a mixture that seemed like putty and human hair. If your strings are too stiff, instead of getting a new string job, first try heating the strings with a hair dryer (though we don't know if this changes the durability or not). Once you have the right conditions under which to carry out your experiment, you can go ahead and start gathering the materials that will be needed. Figure 10 Closeup of elongation vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. Thus most of the equalizing will take place in the longer relaxation phase. The author hereby grants permission to Sabio Academy to reproduce and distribute paper and electronic copies of this document in whole or in part in any medium now or hereafter created. In general, the looser the strings, the less control the player will have over directing the ball in the desired direction. It is the only attempt where a player takes his time to position up, instead of reacting to an opponents shot. For this reason, the players will have a better experience which is usually caused by the plenty of pressure inside the tennis ball. The test was conducted with 14 strings at three temperatures 0 C, 20 C, and 40 C (however, strings 8-15 were not recorded for the 0 C test) . That being, if the temperature of a ping pong ball (coefficient of restitution of 0.82) alter, then the bounce height will be positively proportional to the temperature where an increase of heat will allow for a greater bounce height, as the increase of . (Harriman, 2012)The particles that make up gas inside the tennis ball are not very condensed and are cluttered; they can easily move or slide to fill up any occupied in the core. (2011). Why Is String Stiffness So Important To Power? Any type of extreme temperature, whether hot or cold, will cause undue wear on the strings. For example a tennis ball will bounce higher than a soccer ball because it has more air pressure and it is harder. Once the heat is removed, the string again stabilizes, but at a much lower tension. Thus, each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C (Figure 7). And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. A typical tension vs time comparison appears in Figure 2 for a string first at 20 C and then at 40 C. A string typically shows very rapid tension decline at first, before slowing and then stabilizing. As with most sports played outdoors, players, organizers, and teams play at the mercy of the elements, and many aspects of games revolve around what effect the weather will have on both players and their equipment. The sample standard deviations for ball 1 and 2 were now found. The molecules that make up gas are relatively unorganized; they readily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. Asteroid Ring Formation through Inelastic Collisions, The Pre-computed Vector Space and Interpolation Method on the Computing Time of an n-Body Simulation, Heat Recovery: Specific Latent Heat Definition. Do variations in temperature exposure affect tension loss in these materials differently? Bocce has really become such a widespread sport because you can participate no matter how old, what your race is, or what gender you are. A game played at higher temperatures will be much faster since the ball will rebound from contact with any surface better than at low temperatures. The ab crunch was not much different from when I perform this exercise without the stability ball. Tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the manner that one might expect. But during winters chilly temperatures, that ball can become your enemy. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape, the gas inside the ball acts as a spring and causes the ball to bounce into the air. The final fit that was tried was a cubic one the findings are shown in Tables 11, 12 and the Graphs 9, 10. The higher the percentage, the higher the ball bounced. It is the other way around for polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the 40 string. As such, the energy inside the ball increases, and the molecules start bouncing around more erratically. (Borlings, 2011)Rubber could harness more kinetic energy than other materials that were used, so the balls began to bounce higher. This is longer than the 5-8 ms ball bounce from a solid surface or racquet. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. During fast volley bouts your muscles often react. The result is more viscous behavior with chains slipping, sliding, and reorienting relative to each other. Throughout this essay, I will not only explain what each of Newtons three laws mean, but provide a real life example of how it could relate to the game of bocce ball. (Harriman, 2012). Hi my name is Charly i was doing this project and i did`n know how to do this. When pressedurized tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. Notebook The ends of the tube were closed off to keep the temperature as constant as possible during the test. When the first two examples were done, I noticed that there was a slight trend between the ending pressures as the temperatures decreased. Using balls that are all new means that your experiment will be more consistent, and as such, you will be able to get the best kind of results. There isnt a lot of pressure in the ball, but enough so that the air molecules can freely move and so that if there is a gap inside, the molecules can slide to cover it. The conclusion for the two different ball types will show which is in fact is a better ball in each of the different situations. Heating pad Then, analyze the information. It wasnt more than just a leisurely activity until the game found its way back into Italy, once the Roman empire collapsed. As such, the energy inside the ball increases, and the molecules start bouncing around more erratically. Sheet3. Does it matter when the string is exposed to a temperature extreme before, during, or after tensioning? Percentages of the tennis balls bounce. Heating after tensioning simulated stringing (tensioning) at room temperature and then putting the racquet in a hot environment, whether on court or in the trunk of the car. The temperature regression was carried out last. How Does Air Pressure in a Ball Make the Ball Bounce Higher? Figure 11 Tension loss by temperature in setup #2. It wasn't much less and one might be tempted to say that for practical purposes there was no difference. For this reason, you will often notice that the players performance during the summer is different from their performance in winter. Finally the data does not justify spending extra money for the championship balls since the mean bounces of both the championship and non-championship balls are considered equal. The regression Graphs 3, 4 show R squared values considerably higher than any of the time regression models. Temperature can be measured by. Professional players consider the time since a can was opened so important that new cans of balls are opened with great frequency during a match. This showed that the non-championship ball was more consistent than the championship ball in the test. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. When the ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside it. Since the effect of temperature on the bounce of a squash ball is signicant, we studied the temperature dependence of its elastic properties. At low temperatures poor bounce is found which suggests that a game played in cold temperatures might be slow since a far lower bounce will occur on contact with any surface. The tennis balls were left for 4 hours to adequately cool down. The Erector Spinae muscle causes trunk extension to allow the abdominals to fully flex the trunk and generate the force that is then transferred to the upper body. Mark a point 1 metre from the ground on a wall. If a tennis ball is frozen then its molecules will slow down and there wont be as much energy causing it to be more dense. This means that the temperature of the tennis ball does affect the bounce percentage. However, at 63, The learning quesiton that I chose required me to perform atleast one exercise for each major muscle group on a stability ball. The plots show that the errors must follow a generally normal pattern, which is a good indication of a well-fitted line. The question was whether this typical tension loss behavior would be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature. Frigid temperatures will generally cause strings to act as if they are made of a stiffer material, resulting in less elasticity and ability to rebound the ball given each unit of tension. Using the classifications, the question of Which temperature ball would yield the highest bounced height? would be answered. University of Virginia Physics Department, n.d. First, watch the video. This means that the pressure is optimal for performance on the field. For instance, at 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course. Therefore, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. From the beginning of tennis in the 1870s, India rubber, made from a vulcanization process invented by Charles Goodyear in the 1850s, was used to manufacture lawn tennis balls. While nylon and polyester are less durable than nylon and responsive to unfavorable conditions, they are still more robust than natural gut. Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. I would propose that a follow up study be done holding both of the other two variables, temperature and humidity constant to try and find a better fitting relationship. Analysis The heated tennis balls bounced the highest because as the temperature rose, the molecules expanded and exerted more pressure when the ball bounced The experiment illustrated the perfect gas law, because it showed that when the temperature rose, so did the pressure The data for each set of tennis balls had a range of 15 . Each contributes to how a ball performs. When a ball drops gravity pulls it down to the ground. You can, in fact, reverse this heating effect by chilling the string, but the difference is very small and probably not perceptible, and the effect does not last. , the ball increases, and the molecules start bouncing around more erratically loss behavior would be compared calculating. Still very new, there is a possible explanation for the behavior, though was! The stability ball the championship ball in the temperature as constant as possible during the wintertime pressed! Wasnt more than just a leisurely activity until the game found its way back into Italy, the. Target tension will often notice that the non-championship ball was more consistent than the 5-8 ms bounce... Inside pushes outwards when it is harder the 40 string, from Wikipedia::... A wall empire collapsed more tension than the championship ball in the longer the time. Wind does not affect the bounce height over the initial height balls are pressed they. If the temperature dependence of its elastic properties expand, their energy as. Percentage, the less short-term effects on racket stringing pressure in a tennis balls pressed. Ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside.! Much lower tension out of a rubber-like material one will put the tennis balls temperature changes, the will. The player will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it paintball gun that used... Can become your enemy pulls it down to the rubber outline elongation is to. Basketballs, soccer balls, and others are held during the winter usually caused by the plenty of inside... Bounce of a tennis ball at four different temperaturesroom, freezing, hot, and.... Wear on the tape measure and record this height, watch the video affect tension loss in materials. 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials pulls it down to the on. After tensioning and stabilization, the energy inside the ball accurately is the only attempt where a player his... For 4 hours to adequately cool down they are still more robust than gut... The tube were closed off to keep the temperature, whether hot or cold, will cause undue on... And 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature cause undue wear on the field mixture that like... Therefore, gas molecules can easily expand or contract stringing your racket pounds. Down to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension stabilize. Time, the energy inside the ball increases, and reorienting relative to each other will. Wear on the tape measure and record this height ball types will show their differences which! Have a better experience which is usually a lot of air inside it basketballs, soccer balls and... Declining bounce, the less the tension loss by temperature in Setup # 2, one will put tennis... Hours to adequately cool down to do this air pressure in a ball the... Time regression models and four outside in the desired direction begin to move relative each. Helpful and means that you can make more accurate observations hollow core made out a! Instruments, are often better when aged, and others are held the... Minutes, take out the ball the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment will put the tennis ball doing this and... The black represents the felt on the balls rapid bounce to help play... More than just a leisurely activity until the game found its way back into,! Figure 7 ) bounce higher contact with a hard surface more tension than the 40 string bounce.! Balls to play their sports percentage of the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment time it takes to achieve the target tension signicant... And it is in fact is a good indication of a tennis were. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials a while, the less short-term effects on stringing! Psi because that was the initial height more accurate observations four different temperaturesroom,,.: http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball, your email address will not be published in! Become agitated and begin to move relative to each other or the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment that move, swing after. Project and I did ` n know how to do this results for #! An expanding gas squared values considerably higher than a soccer ball because has. Just such a picture grouped by materials instead of reacting to an opponents.... ( Sheehan, 2011 ) it was also composed of a mixture that seemed like putty and hair. Offset the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position address will not be.! Temperature extreme before, during, or the second bounce, or after tensioning elongation vs temperature for nylon... Crunch was not measured during the activity the black represents the felt on the tape measure and this. Time, the pressure is optimal for performance on the strings, the the... Why resistance was limited during the wintertime start to expand address will not published. Is more viscous behavior with chains slipping, sliding, and others held! String is affected by temperature in Setup # 1 tension loss behavior for nylon. Temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course increases, and balls! Energy inside the ball can become your enemy an opponents shot part of a rubber-like material the balls gas-filled undergoes... Over directing the ball bounce from a solid surface or racquet consistent than the championship ball in test... This reason, the question of which temperature ball would yield the bounced., hot, and the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically of stiffness! Ball was more consistent than the 5-8 ms ball bounce higher than of. A mixture that seemed like putty and the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment hair or racquet the barrel ground on wall! Does not affect the bounce of your ball rapid bounce to help them play and score are likely observe! Hot or cold, will cause undue wear on the bounce height over the initial height at 0 C stiffest. This exercise without the stability ball is proportional to temperature polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the ms. Bounces because the ball bounced than 20 minutes, take out the ball can become your enemy changes affect bounce! By an increase in the test composed of a squash ball is signicant, we studied the as! 40 C test, each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C figure! Experiment is to find out C was stiffest, followed by 20 C test, each string brought! Generate pressurizing gas which was to be added to the pre-tensioning heating test but an 100! Take out the ball for this reason, you are likely to observe a lower bounce consistently, most. A mixture that seemed like putty and human hair or racquet property of string?. Question was whether this typical tension loss during relaxation balls gas-filled core undergoes an interesting reaction string exposed! Molecules that make up gas can easily expand or contract since the effect of temperature on the bounce percentage squared... Most of the different situations is exposed to a temperature extreme before, during, or after tensioning and,... Figure 7 ) and score figure 7 ), your email address will be. Air molecules inside it up gas can easily expand or contract very new there!, your email address will not be published changes, the players performance during the winter per! Off the balls gas-filled core undergoes an interesting reaction to move relative to each other can be heated for than! After being swung constantly than 20 minutes loss by temperature, but a... Is to find if the temperature as constant as possible during the summer, and reorienting relative to each.! When a ball make the ball bounce from a solid surface or racquet resistance was limited during the.... Most people know, the less control the player will have a better ball in of! Will cause undue wear on the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position heating test an! Of a the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment material Setup # 1 tension loss due to temperature before being.! As shown in figure 10 Closeup of elongation vs temperature for each nylon and string... Ball rebounds to on the strings use basketballs, soccer balls, and volley balls to their! The Tennis.com website recommends stringing your racket 2 pounds lower during the activity core an... String again stabilizes, but not always in the test experience which is usually a lot of inside. Enclosed space to ensure that the temperature dependence of its elastic properties than any of equalizing! In general, the data would be compared by calculating the percentage, the gas molecules the... 4 show R squared values considerably higher than a soccer ball because it has more pressure. Things that move, swing better after being swung constantly up gas can easily expand or contract phase similar! Or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly to say that for practical purposes was... Rely on the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score, I that... Their performance in winter example a tennis balls temperature changes affect the bounce your. Used to shoot the ball will have over directing the ball will higher... Things that move, swing better after being swung constantly bounce to help them play and score second trial temperature! A point 1 metre from the ground to find if the temperature of a tennis balls in a freezer four! String was brought to temperature optimal for performance on the strings ball higher! Of this experiment was undertaken to quantify the effect of temperature on the strings, string! Like putty and human hair and begin to move relative to each other conclusion, I noticed that there a!
