Rep. Kaptur introduced the legislation on a bipartisan basis alongside Rep. Anthony Gonzalez (R-OH). Wasn't this a viable consideration? In a televised program about the Moon-landing hoax allegations, Fox Entertainment Group listed the deaths of ten astronauts and two civilians related to the crewed spaceflight program as part of an alleged cover-up. Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. Film in the cameras would have been fogged by this radiation. The entire process ultimately cost $253 million, significantly more than the inflation-adjusted cost of constructing the facility.[4]. The original SSTV transmission had better detail and contrast than the scan-converted pictures, and it is this original tape that is missing. [163] Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009. [199], In 2019, Ipsos conducted a study for C-Span to assess the level of belief that the 1969 Moon landing was faked. [117] The Apollo 11 telemetry tapes were different from the telemetry tapes of the other Moon landings because they contained the raw television broadcast. "[25], In fact, the Soviets had been sending uncrewed spacecraft to the Moon since 1959,[26] and "during 1962, deep space tracking facilities were introduced at IP-15 in Ussuriisk and IP-16 in Evpatoria (Crimean Peninsula), while Saturn communication stations were added to IP-3, 4 and 14,"[27] the latter having a 100millionkm (62millionmi) range. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. [146][147] This thesis was the subject of refutation in an article published on Seeker nearly half a year later.[148]. [3] The station included several large test facilities besides the reactor, including liquid hydrogen facilities for development and testing of the Centaur upper stage. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. [174] Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. Sandusky's Plum Brook Station is an annex to the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. [168], The Apollo program collected 380kg (838lb) of Moon rocks during the six crewed missions. By the late 1970s, NASA decided to continue the maintenance of the reactor, Space Power Facility (SPF), Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K Site), and the Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (HTF), but ceased protecting the other Rocket Systems Area sites. Covering the business and politics of space. Close-up of later generation prints of AS16-107-17446, 9. 7. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. Some of the main facilities hadnt been used for years. For example, 2001 was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in the Apollo footage. Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. A Fraud! [121] Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967,[122] even before the Moon landings. [165], On September 1, 2009, India's lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 took photos of the Apollo 15 landing site and tracks of the lunar rovers. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. 5. Neither the Atomic Energy Commission nor NASA Lewis had been given any indication that the nuclear propulsion program would be cancelled until the budget was officially announced on January 5, 1973. After Apollo 18 was canceled, the other LRV was used for spare parts for the Apollos 15 to 17 missions. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. But if the SLS program wants to use B-2 to test that upper stage, it would be expected to cover the estimated $15 million in basic refurbishment costs as well as SLS Program-specific test costs, which could likely be significant, the IG wrote. By 1975 there were only a handful of NASA employees left at Plum Brook Station to supervise the contractors that maintained the facilities. The only real success story in terms of actual customers was, and still is, the Space Power Facility. [28] The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment. The centers continued efforts to entice outside groups to utilize the inactive facilities remained ineffective. In the 1970s the center expanded the scope of its work into new areas, such as renewable energy sources. 4. [a][15] Folklorist Linda Dgh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' film Capricorn One (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility (formerly known as Plum Brook Station) is part of NASAs Glenn Research Center in Ohio. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. She also said that several letters appeared in The West Australian discussing the Coca-Cola bottle incident within ten days of the lunar landing.[71]. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. The 221-page operation manual for the LRV contains some detailed drawings,[129] although not the blueprints. 5. Conspiracists see this as evidence that they never existed. In 2004 NASA began funding the demolition of unused facilities across the agency. Instead, far from calling the landings a hoax, the third edition (19701979) of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which was translated into English between 1974 and 1983 by Macmillan Publishers, and was later made available online by TheFreeDictionary.com[22]) contained many articles reporting the landings as factual, such as its article on Neil Armstrong. [142] The fact sheet is particularly blunt and regards the idea of faking the Moon landings to be preposterous and outlandish. It was also used to shoot some scenes from the 2012 Marvel movie The Avengers. Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. They point to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. In 1965, the United States started to achieve many firsts (such as the first successful space rendezvous), which were important steps in a mission to the Moon. NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio is now the Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place. Rocket engines are the dark structures at the bottom center, The launch of a Titan II, burning hypergolic Aerozine-50/N2O4, 1.9MN (430,000lbf) of thrust. [30], Also, there was nothing "abrupt" about the Apollo cancellations, which were made for cost-cutting reasons. Spacecraft Snoops Apollo Moon Sites", "World's biggest telescope to prove Americans really walked on Moon", "How to find Apollo 11's landing site on the Moon", "The "halo" area around Apollo 15 landing site observed by Terrain Camera on SELENE (KAGUYA)", "Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing", "Chandrayaan's moon findings: Water, rocks and traces of Apollo", "China publishes high-resolution full moon map", "Martian Meteorite Launch: High-Speed Ejecta from Small Craters", "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)", "Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin", New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "NASA's LRO Team Helps Track Laser Signals to Russian Rover Mirror", "Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public's View", Institution of Engineering and Technology, "Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing", "Attitudes Toward Space Exploration Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing", Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1141029494, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31. The mockumentary based on this idea, Dark Side of the Moon, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick is accused of having produced much of the footage for Apollos 11 and 12, presumably because he had just directed 2001: A Space Odyssey, which is partly set on the Moon and featured advanced special effects. It's home to the antenna that received the first images of Neil Armstrong walking on the moon. Plum Brook Station facilities including Space Propulsion Research Facility (foreground) and Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (upper left), Plum Brook Station (Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility). DESIGN OF THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER'S WORLD-CLASS REVERBERANT ACOUSTIC TEST FACILITY . [115][116] Apollo 11 data tapes containing telemetry and the high-quality video (before scan conversion from slow-scan TV to standard TV) of the first moonwalk are also missing. [176][177][178] If NASA had used similar robot technology, then between 300 and 2,000 robot missions would have been needed to collect the current amount of Moon rocks that is held by NASA. The Parkes Observatory in Australia was billed to the world for weeks as the site that would be relaying communications from the first moonwalk. NASA demolished the Liquid Hydrogen Pump Facility (A Site), the Turbopump Facility (C Site), Hydraulics Laboratory (F Site), and the Fluorine Pump Facility (I Site) in late summer and fall of 2009. Apollo 17 LM leaving the Moon; rocket exhaust visible only briefly, Apollo 8 launch through the first stage separation, Exhaust flame may not be visible outside the atmosphere, as in this photo. More delivered to your day of constructing the Facility. [ 4.... 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